Chinese characters : Query result

Character: 失

Modern (Beijing) reading: shī

Preclassic Old Chinese: ƛit

Classic Old Chinese: ƛit

Western Han Chinese: l̥jǝt

Eastern Han Chinese: śǝt

Early Postclassic Chinese: śɨt

Middle Postclassic Chinese: śɨt

Late Postclassic Chinese: śɨt

Middle Chinese: śit

English meaning : to lose, fail, neglect

Russian meaning[s]: 1) потерять, утратить; лишиться; упустить; пропустить; потеря, пропажа; 2) ошибка, промах; погрешность; погрешить против...; заблуждение; 3) заблудиться; уклониться, уйти от...

Comments: Standard Sino-Viet. is thất.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 37

Four-angle index: 5072

Karlgren code: 0402 a

Vietnamese reading: thiệt

Character: 奴

Modern (Beijing) reading: nú

Preclassic Old Chinese: nhā

Classic Old Chinese: nhā

Western Han Chinese: nhā

Eastern Han Chinese: nhā

Early Postclassic Chinese: nhō

Middle Postclassic Chinese: nhō

Late Postclassic Chinese: nhō

Middle Chinese: no

English meaning : slave [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) раб; слуга; рабский; 2) уст. я (к властям)

Comments: For *nh- cf. Chaozhou noŋ¹.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 38

Four-angle index: 5951

Karlgren code: 0094 l-n

Character: 奶

Modern (Beijing) reading: nǎi

Preclassic Old Chinese: nhrējʔ

Classic Old Chinese: nhrḗ

Western Han Chinese: ṇhḗ

Eastern Han Chinese: ṇhiḗ

Early Postclassic Chinese: ṇhiẹ̄́j

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ṇhiẹ̄́j

Late Postclassic Chinese: ṇhiẹ̄́j

Middle Chinese: ṇạ̈́

English meaning : breast, breast milk [post-Tang]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) молоко; груди; сосцы, вымя; кормить грудью; 2) сокр. госпожа, мать

Comments: Also written as 嬭 q.v.; also read *nhējʔ, MC níej id. For *nh cf. Xiamen liŋ¹, ni¹, Longdu nāj¹(*nhēj), Chaozhou ni⁴.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 38

Four-angle index: 4614

Character: 孕

Modern (Beijing) reading: yùn

Preclassic Old Chinese: lǝŋs

Classic Old Chinese: lǝŋh

Western Han Chinese: lǝŋh

Eastern Han Chinese: źǝŋh

Early Postclassic Chinese: źɨ̀ŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: jɨ̀ŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: jɨ̀ŋ

Middle Chinese: jìŋ

English meaning : pregnant

Russian meaning[s]: 1) беременная; забеременеть; 2) зародиться, возникнуть

Comments: Regular Sino-Viet. is dụ'ng.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 39

Four-angle index: 3073

Karlgren code: 0945 j

Vietnamese reading: ĩnh

Character: 它

Modern (Beijing) reading: tā

Preclassic Old Chinese: slāj

Classic Old Chinese: l̥āj

Western Han Chinese: l̥āj

Eastern Han Chinese: l̥ǟ

Early Postclassic Chinese: thā

Middle Postclassic Chinese: thā

Late Postclassic Chinese: thā

Middle Chinese: thâ

English meaning : other, different

Russian meaning[s]: оно, он, она (о неодушевленных предметах), вм. 他; [tuō] иной, другой; чужой

Comments: The Yin meaning seems to have been: 'danger, harm, obstacle'.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 40

Four-angle index: 7013

Karlgren code: 0004 a-e

Character: 尼

Modern (Beijing) reading: ní

Preclassic Old Chinese: nrǝj

Classic Old Chinese: nrǝj

Western Han Chinese: ṇǝj

Eastern Han Chinese: ṇǝj

Early Postclassic Chinese: ṇij

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ṇij

Late Postclassic Chinese: ṇi

Middle Chinese: ṇi

English meaning : near, close [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: будд. монахиня; [nǐ] остановить

Comments: For *n- cf. Xiamen, Chaozhou, Fuzhou ni², Jianou ni⁹. Also used for OC *nǝ̄j-s, MC nièj 'stop, obstruct'.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 44

Four-angle index: 6997

Karlgren code: 0563 a

Character: 巨

Modern (Beijing) reading: jù

Preclassic Old Chinese: gaʔ

Classic Old Chinese: gá

Western Han Chinese: gá

Eastern Han Chinese: gá

Early Postclassic Chinese: gó

Middle Postclassic Chinese: gó

Late Postclassic Chinese: gó

Middle Chinese: gö̀

English meaning : great [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) огромный, громадный; 2) бесчисленный; во множестве; 3) как?, каким образом?, см. 詎; 4) см. 矩 1); 5) Цзюй (фамилия)

Comments: The original reading of the character must have been *kʷaʔ 'carpenter's square' = 矩, but the loan for *gaʔ 'great' probably occurred early, because it accounts for several *ga-type syllables in the xiesheng series. For *g- cf. Xiamen ku⁶, Chaozhou kɨ⁴, Fuzhou köü⁶.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 48

Four-angle index: 822

Karlgren code: 0095 a-b

Character: 巧

Modern (Beijing) reading: qiǎo

Preclassic Old Chinese: khrūʔ

Classic Old Chinese: khrū́

Western Han Chinese: khrǝ̄́w

Eastern Han Chinese: khrǝ̄́w

Early Postclassic Chinese: khǝ̣̄́w

Middle Postclassic Chinese: khạ̄́w

Late Postclassic Chinese: khạ̄́w

Middle Chinese: khạ́w

English meaning : be artful, skilful, clever

Russian meaning[s]: 1) ловкий; искусный; сноровка; отлично, хорошо; искусная работа; 2) фальшивый; 3) случайно; кстати; 4) 8-е число (в телеграммах)

Comments: Also read OC *khrūʔ-s, MC khạ̀w id. Regular Sino-Viet. is xa`o.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 48

Four-angle index: 4429

Karlgren code: 1041 l

Vietnamese reading: khiếu

Shijing occurrences: 57.2

Character: 左

Modern (Beijing) reading: zuǒ

Preclassic Old Chinese: cājʔ

Classic Old Chinese: cā́j

Western Han Chinese: cā́j

Eastern Han Chinese: cǟ́

Early Postclassic Chinese: cā́

Middle Postclassic Chinese: cā́

Late Postclassic Chinese: cā́

Middle Chinese: cấ

English meaning : be left (side), be to the left

Russian meaning[s]: 1) левый; влево, налево; 2) плохой; неправильный; ошибочный; 3) отклоняться; расходиться (напр. во мнениях); 4) помогать; помощник; вспомогательный, побочный; 5) привести доказательство, подкрепить аргументом; 6) восточная сторона; 7) нижеследующий; ниже (по должности); 8) Цзо (фамилия)

Shuowen gloss: �手相左也.從�工.凡左之屬皆從左.

Comments: In some inscriptions glossed also as 'to oppose' which is rather dubious. Etymologically connected is 佐 OC *cājʔ-s, MC cầ, Mand. zuǒ (phonetically under the influence of 左) 'to help, assist' q.v.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 48

Four-angle index: 104

Karlgren code: 0005 a-d

Vietnamese reading: ta`

Shijing occurrences: 1.2, 38.3

Character: 市

Modern (Beijing) reading: shì

Preclassic Old Chinese: dhǝʔ

Classic Old Chinese: dhǝ́

Western Han Chinese: dhǝ́

Eastern Han Chinese: ʒhǝ́

Early Postclassic Chinese: ʒhɨ́

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʒ́hɨ́

Late Postclassic Chinese: ʒ́hɨ́

Middle Chinese: ʒ́ɨ́

English meaning : market, market place

Russian meaning[s]: 1) рынок, базар; рыночный; торговые сделки; котировка на рынке; торговать; продавать; покупать; приобретать; привлекать к себе; 2) город; городской; городского стандарта (о мерах); 3) Ши (фамилия)

Comments: Regular Sino-Viet. is thị. For *dh- cf. Xiamen chi⁶, Chaozhou chi⁴, Fuzhou che⁶, Jianou chi⁷.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 50

Four-angle index: 3920

Karlgren code: 0963 a

Vietnamese reading: chọ'

Jianchuan Bai: ci1

Dali Bai: ci1

Bijiang Bai: ǯẽr1-

Character: 布

Modern (Beijing) reading: bù

Preclassic Old Chinese: pās

Classic Old Chinese: pāh

Western Han Chinese: pāh

Eastern Han Chinese: pāh

Early Postclassic Chinese: pṑ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: pṑ

Late Postclassic Chinese: pṑ

Middle Chinese: pò

English meaning : cloth

Russian meaning[s]: 1) холст; полотно; материя; мануфактура; 2) расставлять, располагать; распределять; 3) опубликовывать, объявлять; распространять; вводить; 4) монета; валюта; 5) сокр. большевики; 6) Бу (фамилия)

Comments: Cf. 溥 *phāʔ be vast, wide, 鋪 *phā, *pha spread out, 誧 *pāʔ, *phāʔ, *phāʔs big, large, increase.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 50

Four-angle index: 3860

Karlgren code: 0102 j-l

Shijing occurrences: 58.1

Character: 平

Modern (Beijing) reading: píng

Preclassic Old Chinese: bhreŋ

Classic Old Chinese: bhreŋ

Western Han Chinese: bhreŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: bhreŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: bheŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: bheŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: bheŋ

Middle Chinese: bäiŋ

English meaning : be level, even, just, peaceful

Russian meaning[s]: 1) ровный; горизонтальный; равнина; уровень; 2) равный; средний; в среднем; сравнять; поровну; 3) обычный, рядовой, заурядный; 4) справедливый, беспристрастный; 5) мир; мирный, спокойный; успокоиться, утихомириться; умиротворить; усмирить; подавить; покорить; 6) весы, безмен; равновесие; взвесить; уравновесить; 7) фон. пин (название тона); 8) сокр. стар. г. Бэйпин; 9) Пин (фамилия)

Comments: For *bh- cf. Chaozhou, Fuzhou phing². The character is also used for a phonetically similar word: biàn, MC bjen, bạ̈̀n, OC *ben, *brēn-s 'to distinguish, discriminate, arrange properly', obviously related to 辯 *brenʔ id. q.v. In Viet. the literary reading is bình. Another probable colloquial loan from the same source is Viet. phă`ng 'level, even, plane'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 51

Four-angle index: 2376

Karlgren code: 0825 a-b

Vietnamese reading: bằng

Jianchuan Bai: pɛ̃7

Dali Bai: per7-, per2

Bijiang Bai: pã7-, pa7

Shijing occurrences: 24.2, 24.3, 31.2

Character: 幼

Modern (Beijing) reading: yòu

Preclassic Old Chinese: ʔiws (~ -kʷs)

Classic Old Chinese: ʔiwh

Western Han Chinese: ʔjǝwh

Eastern Han Chinese: ʔjǝwh

Early Postclassic Chinese: ʔjìw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʔjìw

Late Postclassic Chinese: ʔjìw

Middle Chinese: ʔjí̀w

English meaning : be young

Russian meaning[s]: 1) младенец; младенческий; детство; молодой, юный; слабый, зачаточный; 2) Ю (фамилия)

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 52

Four-angle index: 4723

Karlgren code: 1115 f

Vietnamese reading: ấu

Character: 弁

Modern (Beijing) reading: biàn

Preclassic Old Chinese: b(h)rens

Classic Old Chinese: b(h)renh

Western Han Chinese: b(h)rjanh

Eastern Han Chinese: b(h)ranh

Early Postclassic Chinese: b(h)èn

Middle Postclassic Chinese: b(h)èn

Late Postclassic Chinese: b(h)èn

Middle Chinese: bèn

English meaning : a cap

Russian meaning[s]: 1) древн. церемониальный головной убор; 2) военный чин; офицер; 3) спешить, торопиться, вм. 卞

Comments: Karlgren considers 弁 and 卞 to be variants of one and the same character, which seems dubious. The character 弁 occurs once within a rhyming sequence in Shijing, where it seems to rhyme in *-en-s, but other words in the series and the graphic connection with 畚 etc. point rather to *-ar / *-ǝr. It is probable that 卞 was an *-en-series, while 弁 was an *-ar-series, and they were confused later, after *-r > -n, due to graphic similarity. Thus, 弁 "fly" (considered to be a loan for 抃 q.v.) must be reconstructed as *phar (MC phwǝn, Pek. fān) and is probably the original reading of the character, while 卞 (q.v.) must be reconstructed as *b(h)rens with the original meaning "cap".

Radical: 55

Four-angle index: 2761

Karlgren code: 0220 a

Shijing occurrences: 55.2

Character: 弘

Modern (Beijing) reading: hóng

Preclassic Old Chinese: g(h)ʷǝ̄ŋ

Classic Old Chinese: g(h)wǝ̄ŋ

Western Han Chinese: gwǝ̄ŋ (~ ɣ-)

Eastern Han Chinese: gwǝ̄ŋ (~ ɣ-)

Early Postclassic Chinese: gwǝ̄ŋ (~ ɣ-)

Middle Postclassic Chinese: gwǝ̄ŋ (~ ɣ-)

Late Postclassic Chinese: gwǝ̄ŋ (~ ɣ-)

Middle Chinese: ɣwʌŋ

English meaning : be extensive, vast, wide

Russian meaning[s]: 1) большой, обширный; распространять(ся); увеличивать(ся); развивать(ся); 2) Хун (фамилия)

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 57

Four-angle index: 8622

Karlgren code: 0887 g

Character: 弗

Modern (Beijing) reading: fú

Preclassic Old Chinese: pǝt

Classic Old Chinese: pǝt

Western Han Chinese: pǝt

Eastern Han Chinese: pwǝt

Early Postclassic Chinese: pwɨt

Middle Postclassic Chinese: pwɨt

Late Postclassic Chinese: pwɨt

Middle Chinese: püt

Fanqie: 夫物

Rhyme class: 物

English meaning : indicative-volitional negative: cannot, does not want to, not

Russian meaning[s]: 1) нельзя; не быть в состоянии; не желать; не; 2) американский доллар ($); 3) уст. хим. фтор, см. 氟; 4) сокр. вольт

Shuowen gloss: 橋也. 從丿. 從乀. 從韋省.

Comments: One of the OC *p-negations; see 不. Also used for *pǝt "not...it, them" (a fusion of 不 *pǝ and 之 *tǝ); although this usage is the basic one during late Zhou, it is rarely met in early texts. The character has also a homonymous reading *pǝt 'gust of wind', which may be the original meaning of the graph.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 57

Four-angle index: 4658

Karlgren code: 0500 a-c

Shijing occurrences: 28.1, 28.2, 28.3, 56.1, 56.2, 56.3

Character: 必

Modern (Beijing) reading: bì

Preclassic Old Chinese: pit

Classic Old Chinese: pit

Western Han Chinese: pjǝt

Eastern Han Chinese: pjǝt

Early Postclassic Chinese: pjit

Middle Postclassic Chinese: pjit

Late Postclassic Chinese: pjit

Middle Chinese: pjit

English meaning : be necessary, must

Russian meaning[s]: 1) непременно, обязательно; часто указывает на будущее время; 2) с последующим отрицанием ни в коем случае, никак

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 61

Four-angle index: 8510

Karlgren code: 0405 a-b

Shijing occurrences: 37.2

Character: 戊

Modern (Beijing) reading: wù mòu

Preclassic Old Chinese: mūʔs

Classic Old Chinese: mūh

Western Han Chinese: mǝ̄wh

Eastern Han Chinese: mǝ̄wh

Early Postclassic Chinese: mṑw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: mǝ̄̀w

Late Postclassic Chinese: mǝ̄̀w

Middle Chinese: mʌ̀w

Fanqie: 暮候

Rhyme class: 宥 [a] 有 [b]

English meaning : the 5th of the Heavenly Stems

Russian meaning[s]: 5-й циклический знак десятеричного цикла

Shuowen gloss: 中宮也. 象六甲五龍相拘絞也. 戊承丁. 象人脅. 凡戊之屬皆從戊.

Comments: MC mʌ̀w is irregular: mầw would be normally expected (for the rhyming of this xiesheng series see under 茂). Modern wù is also irregular (there is also a regular reflex of mʌ̀w - mod. mòu). For *m cf. Chaozhou bau⁶, Fuzhou muo⁶, Jianou mu⁶.

Radical: 62

Four-angle index: 6836

Karlgren code: 1231 a

Character: 打

Modern (Beijing) reading: dǎ

Preclassic Old Chinese: tēŋʔ

Classic Old Chinese: tḗŋ

Western Han Chinese: tḗŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: tiḗŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: tiḗŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: tiḗŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: tiḗŋ

Middle Chinese: tíeŋ

English meaning : to hit, strike, beat [L.Han]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) бить; ударять; молотить; сражаться; 2) играть в... (на...); ударять в...; 3) разбить (посуду); 4) наладить, упорядочить; 5) завязать (узел); заплести (косу); 6) сколотить (компанию); 7) сделать, сфабриковать; ковать; 8) поесть платье (о моли); 9) колотиться (о сердце); быть в возбуждении; 10) рассчитать, сосчитать; считать на счетах; 11) отгадывать; 12) добыть, обзавестись; купить; 13) собрать, снять (об урожае); 14) из, от; 15) глагол, указывающий на введение в действие того или иного предмета или средства; [dá] дюжина

Comments: Also read OC *trēŋʔ, MC ṭạ́iŋ id. The strange -ŋ-less reading is first attested in Zhengyün (FQ 都瓦 = *tá). Most Sino-external systems reflect the latter reading; note, however, Viet. d_ánh 'to beat, hit' which probably directly reflects MC tíeŋ (although with an aberrant tone).

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 64

Four-angle index: 2935

Vietnamese reading: d_a`

Jianchuan Bai: tɛ̃6

Dali Bai: ter6

Character: 扔

Modern (Beijing) reading: rēng

Preclassic Old Chinese: nhǝŋ

Classic Old Chinese: nhǝŋ

Western Han Chinese: nhǝŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: ńhǝŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: ńhɨŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ńhɨŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: ńhɨŋ

Middle Chinese: ńiŋ

English meaning : to pull, push

Russian meaning[s]: 1) бросать, метать; 2) выбрасывать; [rèng] 1) принудить; втянуть; 2) подталкивать, торопить

Comments: For *nh cf. Xiamen liŋ¹, Fuzhou neŋ¹.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 64

Four-angle index: 4612

Karlgren code: 0945 f